Exploring the Character of Karna in the Mahabharata: A Psychological Analysis through Narcissism and Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Abstract

The character of Karna from the Mahabharata provides a profound case study in the psychological contexts of narcissism and cognitive dissonance. This research paper delves into the intricate interplay between Karna’s internal struggles and his external behaviours, using Leon Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance as a framework. Karna’s life is marked by a series of conflicts that stem from his low self-esteem and the need for external validation, characteristic of narcissism as outlined by psychological theories. His upbringing and societal rejection play pivotal roles in shaping his psyche, driving him to seek recognition and approval from those who initially scorned him. Karna’s unwavering loyalty to Duryodhana, despite knowing the moral ambiguity of his actions, exemplifies the core principles of cognitive dissonance. He is caught between his inherent sense of righteousness and his allegiance to Duryodhana, who offered him status and recognition. This internal conflict is a classic representation of cognitive dissonance, where Karna’s actions are in direct opposition to his beliefs and values. His failure to resolve this dissonance leads to a series of tragic choices that ultimately define his destiny. The narrative of Karna in various retellings of the Mahabharata further emphasizes his tragic flaws. His constant battle with his sense of worth and identity, coupled with his need for external validation, aligns with Alan Rappoport’s exploration of narcissism. Karna’s introspections and decisions, particularly when faced with revelations about his true lineage, highlight the profound discomfort and psychological turmoil that Festinger describes. By bridging classical literature and modern psychological theories, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of Karna’s character. It offers insights into how deeply ingrained psychological issues such as narcissism and cognitive dissonance can shape an individual’s actions and motivations. Karna’s story serves as a compelling example of how internal conflicts and societal influences intertwine to create a complex and ultimately tragic hero. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the psychological dimensions within classical narratives, demonstrating their relevance to contemporary psychological discourse.